basic

Internal Resistance Terminal Voltage Calculator

V_terminal = EMF − I·r.

Calculates terminal voltage of a real battery or power source from EMF, internal resistance, and load current.

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Dr. Helena Ortiz By Dr. Helena Ortiz
Published Last reviewed 1 min read

Inputs

Results

Enter values and click Calculate to see results.
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How to use this calculator

  1. Fill in the inputs above using the units you already have.
  2. Values update automatically as you type — no submit button needed.
  3. Hover any result row for the underlying formula and intermediate values.

Formula

V_terminal = ε − I·r_int

In depth

Calculates terminal voltage of a real battery or power source from EMF, internal resistance, and load current.